Painkillers
About Painkillers
What are painkillers or opioids? Opioids are drugs that contain opium or are derived from and imitate opium. They are prescribed for pain relief and are
only available by prescription. Most opioid or painkilling drugs are non-refillable and, when used properly under a medical doctor's supervision, are
safe and effective.1 Opioid drugs act by effectively changing the way a person experiences pain.2
Morphine derivatives (or "narcotics") come from opioids and are used to therapeutically treat pain, suppress coughing, alleviate diarrhea, and induce
anesthesia. When using these narcotics, abusers experience a general sense of well-being by reduced tension, anxiety, and aggression.3
Examples of Painkillers
Some of the most well-known painkillers are listed below with the names you might find on a prescription label. Note that although painkillers have
different potencies and are taken in different ways, when they are abused, all pose a risk for addiction and other serious effects.
- Codeine: like morphine, this is found in opium, is weaker in action than morphine, and is used especially as a painkiller.
- Fentanyl (and fentanyl analogs): a man-made opioid painkiller similar to morphine that is administered as a skin patch or orally.
- Morphine: the powerful, active ingredient of opium is used as a painkiller and sedative.
- Opium: from the opium poppy, formerly used in medicine to soothe pain but is now often replaced by derivative alkaloids (as morphine or codeine)
or man-made substitutes (opioids).
- Hydrocodone: often combined with acetaminophen for use as a painkiller. Vicodin is an example.
- Oxycodone: a narcotic painkiller, for example OxyContin, Percocet, and Percodan.4
Check out an extended list of these drugs  and their street names.
Are Teens Abusing Painkillers?
Painkillers like OxyContin and Vicodin are the prescription drugs most commonly abused by teens. In fact, within the past year nearly one in 10 high
school seniors has abused Vicodin and more than five percent of seniors have abused OxyContin.5
Painkillers are also the most abused type of prescription drugs by 16- to 17-year-olds, followed by stimulants, tranquilizers, and sedatives.6 Almost two
out of five teens report having friends that abuse prescription painkillers and nearly three out of 10 report having friends that abuse prescription
stimulants.7
How Do Teens Take Painkillers?
There are several ways painkillers can be taken. Most teens report swallowing pills, but they can also be crushed and snorted for an intensified effect.8
Signs and Symptoms
Short-term effects
Painkillers can cause drowsiness, inability to concentrate, apathy, lack of energy, constriction of the pupils, flushing of the face and neck, constipation,
nausea, vomiting, and most significantly, respiratory depression.9
Long-term effects
If a teen abuses painkillers for a period of time, he can become addicted to the drug and experience withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking the drug.
Associated with addiction is tolerance, which means more and more of the drug or a combination of drugs is needed to produce the same high or euphoric
feeling, possibly leading to overdose.10
Potential Drug Interactions
Always consult your teens' physician before giving them any medicines if they are already taking a prescribed painkiller or other medication, as it may
be dangerous to use them together. Painkillers should not be used with alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines. Since these substances
slow breathing, their combined effects could lead to life-threatening respiratory depression.11
What Is a Painkiller Overdose?
Physical signs of painkiller overdose include pinpoint pupils, cold and clammy skin, confusion, convulsions, severe drowsiness, and slow or troubled
breathing.12
What Is Painkiller Withdrawal?
Due to the physical dependence produced by chronic use of opioid painkillers, teens who are prescribed opioid medications need to be monitored not just
when they are appropriately taking the medicine, but also when they stop using the drug to reduce or avoid withdrawal symptoms. Symptoms of withdrawal
can include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes, and involuntary leg movements.13
Street or Slang Terms for Painkillers
Oxies, OC, oxycotton, 80s, percs, vikes, and vikings are commonly used terms to refer to painkillers.
Check out an extended list of these drugs and their street names.
|
